How to Calculate Beneficial Ownership: Worked Examples
To find the ultimate beneficial owners (UBOs) of a company, trace every chain of ownership up to the natural persons at the top. For indirect holdings, the usual method is to multiply the percentages along each chain and add the results where one person holds through more than one route. Compare the total with the local threshold: more than 25% in the UK, Hong Kong and Singapore, 25% or more under the US CDD Rule and the EU AML Regulation, and at least 20% under the Philippine SEC’s rules from 2026.








