One Constellation

Know Your Business (KYB)

How to Calculate Beneficial Ownership: Worked Examples
Know Your Business (KYB)

How to Calculate Beneficial Ownership: Worked Examples

To find the ultimate beneficial owners (UBOs) of a company, trace every chain of ownership up to the natural persons at the top. For indirect holdings, the usual method is to multiply the percentages along each chain and add the results where one person holds through more than one route. Compare the total with the local threshold: more than 25% in the UK, Hong Kong and Singapore, 25% or more under the US CDD Rule and the EU AML Regulation, and at least 20% under the Philippine SEC’s rules from 2026.

The 5 Stages of Money Laundering Compliance Officers Must Know
Anti Money Laundering (AML), Know Your Business (KYB), Know Your Customer (KYC), Money Laundering

The 5 Stages of Money Laundering Compliance Officers Must Know

The traditional three-stage model — placement, layering, integration — is necessary but insufficient. Compliance officers must also understand the predicate offence and the concealment mechanisms operating throughout the entire laundering process

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